[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":786},["ShallowReactive",2],{"search-all":3},[4,315,557,607,684],{"id":5,"title":6,"author":7,"body":8,"date":301,"description":302,"extension":303,"image":111,"meta":304,"navigation":305,"path":306,"published":305,"seo":307,"stem":308,"tags":309,"updated":301,"__hash__":314},"blog\u002Fblog\u002Fdosimetry-is-a-staircase.md","Dosimetry Is a Staircase, Not an On\u002FOff Switch","Carlos Uribe, PhD",{"type":9,"value":10,"toc":291},"minimark",[11,20,23,26,32,38,44,47,52,55,62,65,72,75,79,87,90,96,103,106,112,119,122,125,129,141,146,152,155,158,161,164,168,171,176,179,184,187,193,198,201,205,211,214,233,236,239,250,254,257,260,265,270,275,280,283,286],[12,13,14,15,19],"p",{},"One of the most exciting features of radiopharmaceutical therapy is that, for many treatments, we can image the therapy after it has been given. That may sound simple, but ",[16,17,18],"strong",{},"it is not"," routinely performed.",[12,21,22],{},"With many cancer treatments, we administer therapy and wait to see what happens. We follow symptoms, blood tests, tumour markers, or later imaging. In radiopharmaceutical therapy, the medicine itself carries a radionuclide. When its emissions are suitable for imaging, we can see where that treatment travelled inside the body.",[12,24,25],{},"This gives us a remarkable opportunity to ask three increasingly useful questions:",[12,27,28,31],{},[16,29,30],{},"Where did it go?"," Did the treatment reach known disease? Did it localize in the expected organs? Did it reveal areas we had not appreciated before?",[12,33,34,37],{},[16,35,36],{},"How much got there?"," Can we quantify activity in tumours and normal organs, and understand how long it remained localized there?",[12,39,40,43],{},[16,41,42],{},"Was it enough?"," Did the tumour receive a radiation dose likely to matter? Were normal tissues kept within an acceptable tolerated radiation dose range?",[12,45,46],{},"That last question is where dosimetry begins.",[48,49,51],"h2",{"id":50},"administered-activity-is-not-absorbed-dose","Administered activity is not absorbed dose",[12,53,54],{},"Many radiopharmaceutical therapies are still prescribed using a standard administered activity. This approach has been important: it made treatment simpler to deliver, easier to scale, and available to more patients.",[12,56,57,58,61],{},"But administered activity describes what enters the patient. ",[16,59,60],{},"Absorbed dose describes the energy deposited in tissue."," They are related, but they are not interchangeable.",[12,63,64],{},"Two patients can receive the same administered activity while experiencing very different biodistribution and clearance. One patient’s tumours may take up and retain substantial activity, while for another one it may not. Kidneys, bone marrow, salivary glands, and other normal tissues can also receive very different absorbed doses from one patient to the next.",[12,66,67],{},[68,69],"img",{"alt":70,"src":71},"Two patients receiving the same administered activity but different absorbed doses","\u002Fimg\u002Fblog\u002Fdosimetry-is-a-staircase\u002Fsame-activity-different-dose.svg",[12,73,74],{},"Dosimetry helps us estimate those absorbed doses, which are typically reported in units of Gray (Gy), by combining quantitative measurements with information about how activity changes over time.",[48,76,78],{"id":77},"think-of-dosimetry-as-a-staircase","Think of dosimetry as a staircase",[12,80,81,82,86],{},"People sometimes hear ",[83,84,85],"em",{},"dosimetry"," and imagine an all-or-nothing proposition: multiple scans, complex calculations, specialized software, and a workflow that is impossible to sustain in routine care.",[12,88,89],{},"That framing is not helpful.",[91,92,93],"blockquote",{},[12,94,95],{},"Dosimetry is not an on\u002Foff switch. It is a staircase.",[12,97,98,99,102],{},"We need to start where the clinical workflow can support it and build toward ",[16,100,101],{},"adaptive therapy",".",[12,104,105],{},"A centre may begin without routine post-treatment imaging. The next step might be visual SPECT\u002FCT after therapy. From there, it should add quantitative imaging, simplified or single-time-point approaches where appropriate, more complete patient-specific dosimetry, and eventually adaptive treatment planning in which information from one cycle helps guide the next.",[12,107,108],{},[68,109],{"alt":110,"src":111},"Six ascending levels of the dosimetry staircase, from no post-treatment imaging to adaptive therapy","\u002Fimg\u002Fblog\u002Fdosimetry-is-a-staircase\u002Fdosimetry-staircase.png",[12,113,114,115,118],{},"The message is not that every clinic must jump to the top tomorrow, but that we ",[16,116,117],{},"need to start climbing",". Each step can create value while the people, processes, equipment, and evidence needed for the next step are built.",[12,120,121],{},"This view respects clinical reality. Different therapies, patients, and decisions may require different levels of measurement. Each step can create value while the people, processes, equipment, and evidence needed for the next step are built. In fact, this will help us generate the evidence needed to justify and support the next step.",[123,124],"ad-break",{},[48,126,128],{"id":127},"the-vicious-cycle-of-dosimetry","The vicious cycle of dosimetry",[12,130,131,132,140],{},"There is another reason the staircase matters. Dosimetry has long faced a self-reinforcing implementation problem, described very nicely by my colleagues in Europe ",[133,134,139],"a",{"href":135,"rel":136,"title":138},"https:\u002F\u002Fjnm.snmjournals.org\u002Fcontent\u002Fearly\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F22\u002Fjnumed.124.269378",[137],"nofollow","Rethinking Dosimetry: A European Perspective|Johannes Tran-Gia et al.|Journal of Nuclear Medicine · 2025","here",":",[91,142,143],{},[12,144,145],{},"We do not use dosimetry routinely because we believe there is not enough evidence, and we struggle to generate evidence because dosimetry is not used routinely.",[12,147,148],{},[68,149],{"alt":150,"src":151},"The vicious cycle of radiopharmaceutical therapy dosimetry: no routine use because of limited evidence, and limited evidence because there is no routine use","\u002Fimg\u002Fblog\u002Fdosimetry-is-a-staircase\u002Fdosimetry-vicious-cycle.png",[12,153,154],{},"This cycle affects more than publication counts. Without routine, standardized measurements, it is harder to pool data across centres, establish dose–response and dose–toxicity relationships, compare treatment strategies, or identify which dosimetry approach is sufficient for a particular decision.",[12,156,157],{},"Waiting for definitive evidence before collecting routine dosimetry data can therefore preserve the very evidence gap we need to close.",[12,159,160],{},"The staircase offers a way out. A centre does not need to implement the most complex workflow before it can contribute useful information. Consistent post-treatment imaging, quantitative calibration, harmonized reporting, and carefully chosen simplified methods can all build the datasets and experience needed for the next step.",[12,162,163],{},"In that sense, climbing the staircase is not only an implementation strategy. It is also an evidence-generation strategy.",[48,165,167],{"id":166},"ask-a-better-question","Ask a better question",[12,169,170],{},"The debate is often framed as:",[91,172,173],{},[12,174,175],{},"Should we do dosimetry or not?",[12,177,178],{},"A more useful question is:",[91,180,181],{},[12,182,183],{},"What level of dosimetry does this decision need?",[12,185,186],{},"For some routine cases, visual imaging and quantitative trends may already add useful information. When toxicity risk or cumulative exposure is a concern, organ dosimetry may matter more. For retreatment, dose escalation, clinical trials, combination therapies, or emerging alpha-emitter treatments, more detailed patient-specific dosimetry may become especially valuable.",[12,188,189],{},[68,190],{"alt":191,"src":192},"Four levels of dosimetry matched to progressively more consequential clinical decisions","\u002Fimg\u002Fblog\u002Fdosimetry-is-a-staircase\u002Fdosimetry-for-the-decision.svg",[12,194,195],{},[83,196,197],{},"The appropriate level of dosimetry depends on the clinical question and the consequence of the decision.",[12,199,200],{},"This is a positive, practical way forward. It treats dosimetry not as a burden to apply identically in every situation, but as a tool whose depth should match the decision it needs to support.",[48,202,204],{"id":203},"why-this-matters-for-patients","Why this matters for patients",[12,206,207,208],{},"The goal is straightforward: ",[16,209,210],{},"safer, more effective, and more personalized treatment.",[12,212,213],{},"Dosimetry may help us:",[215,216,217,221,224,227,230],"ul",{},[218,219,220],"li",{},"understand why response varies between patients;",[218,222,223],{},"identify patients who might safely receive more treatment;",[218,225,226],{},"recognize when normal tissues may be approaching a relevant tolerance;",[218,228,229],{},"make better-informed retreatment decisions; and",[218,231,232],{},"design stronger clinical trials and radiopharmaceuticals.",[12,234,235],{},"None of this means that every treatment decision can (or should) immediately be based on dosimetry. Methods, evidence, access, and standardization continue to evolve. Dosimetry is an estimate, and its uncertainties need to be understood and communicated.",[12,237,238],{},"But the direction is compelling:",[215,240,241,244,247],{},[218,242,243],{},"Radiopharmaceutical therapy is often imageable.",[218,245,246],{},"Its therapeutic mechanism is radiation.",[218,248,249],{},"Absorbed dose should be part of the language of theranostics.",[48,251,253],{"id":252},"a-practical-path-forward","A practical path forward",[12,255,256],{},"Theranostics has already made extraordinary progress. Treatments once available only in highly specialized settings are now helping patients around the world.",[12,258,259],{},"The next opportunity is to learn more from every treatment we give.",[12,261,262],{},[16,263,264],{},"Post-treatment imaging is how we stop being blind.",[12,266,267],{},[16,268,269],{},"Quantitative SPECT imaging is how we stop being purely descriptive.",[12,271,272],{},[16,273,274],{},"Dosimetry is how we start adapting treatment.",[12,276,277],{},[16,278,279],{},"Absorbed dose should become part of the language of theranostics.",[12,281,282],{},"The future does not depend on making dosimetry perfect before we use it. It depends on building the staircase together one useful step at a time.",[284,285],"hr",{},[12,287,288],{},[83,289,290],{},"This article is for education and discussion. It is not a substitute for patient-specific medical advice or local clinical protocols.",{"title":292,"searchDepth":293,"depth":293,"links":294},"",2,[295,296,297,298,299,300],{"id":50,"depth":293,"text":51},{"id":77,"depth":293,"text":78},{"id":127,"depth":293,"text":128},{"id":166,"depth":293,"text":167},{"id":203,"depth":293,"text":204},{"id":252,"depth":293,"text":253},"2026-07-25","Dosimetry need not be all or nothing. A practical staircase can help clinics build evidence and move toward safer, more personalized radiopharmaceutical therapy.","md",{},true,"\u002Fblog\u002Fdosimetry-is-a-staircase",{"title":6,"description":302},"blog\u002Fdosimetry-is-a-staircase",[310,311,312,313],"Dosimetry","Theranostics","Radiopharmaceutical Therapy","SPECT\u002FCT","lMWHWzsSfLlM5ORASR2ec3xAn9J-3W314G11Mj6C-xA",{"id":316,"title":317,"author":7,"body":318,"date":547,"description":548,"extension":303,"image":353,"meta":549,"navigation":305,"path":550,"published":305,"seo":551,"stem":552,"tags":553,"updated":555,"__hash__":556},"blog\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-does-spect-create-an-image.md","How Does SPECT Create an Image?",{"type":9,"value":319,"toc":539},[320,323,326,329,333,336,342,345,348,354,359,363,366,372,375,381,384,390,395,399,406,409,412,415,418,424,429,433,436,442,448,451,462,465,471,476,478,482,485,498,501,504,507,517,520,524,527,530,533,535],[12,321,322],{},"If you have ever looked at a SPECT scan, it is easy to assume the camera simply “takes a picture”... Spoiler alert, it does not.",[12,324,325],{},"In fact, a SPECT image is reconstructed from multiple individual measurements collected as the gamma camera rotates around the patient. Understanding that process is one of the biggest \"eureka!\" moments in nuclear medicine imaging.",[12,327,328],{},"Let’s build that intuition.",[48,330,332],{"id":331},"step-1-the-camera-never-sees-the-whole-picture","Step 1: The camera never sees the whole picture",[12,334,335],{},"Imagine a small radioactive source inside the body.",[12,337,338,339,102],{},"As the gamma camera rotates, it only measures how much activity lies along each viewing direction. Each measurement is called a ",[16,340,341],{},"projection",[12,343,344],{},"Think of shining a flashlight through an object and recording only the shadow but not the object itself.",[12,346,347],{},"After one projection, we still do not know exactly where the radioactivity is. But after multiple projections from different angles, we have enough information to reconstruct the image.",[12,349,350],{},[68,351],{"alt":352,"src":353},"Animation of a gamma camera rotating around a patient while collecting projections","\u002Fimg\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-does-spect-create-an-image\u002Fspect-projections.svg",[12,355,356],{},[83,357,358],{},"The gamma camera records a different two-dimensional projection at each viewing angle.",[48,360,362],{"id":361},"step-2-the-sinogram","Step 2: The sinogram",[12,364,365],{},"This is where things become interesting.",[12,367,368,369,102],{},"Instead of displaying each projection separately, we stack them one on top of the other; This is what we call a ",[16,370,371],{},"sinogram",[12,373,374],{},"At first glance, a sinogram does not look anything like an anatomical image. It appears as a collection of curved lines, but those curves are not random.",[12,376,377,378,380],{},"Every bright point inside the patient traces out a smooth sinusoidal path as the camera rotates. This is where the name ",[83,379,371],{}," comes from: the curves resemble sine waves.",[12,382,383],{},"Once you recognize these patterns, you will never look at projection data the same way again.",[12,385,386],{},[68,387],{"alt":388,"src":389},"Animation of projection data building into a sinogram","\u002Fimg\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-does-spect-create-an-image\u002Fsinogram.svg",[12,391,392],{},[83,393,394],{},"Each row contains a projection from one angle. A point source follows a sinusoidal path as the angle changes.",[48,396,398],{"id":397},"step-3-can-we-simply-redistribute-the-projections-back","Step 3:  Can we simply \"redistribute\" the projections back?",[12,400,401,402,405],{},"A surprisingly intuitive idea is to take every projection and spread (or ",[16,403,404],{},"back-project",") its measured counts across the image.",[12,407,408],{},"Repeat this for every angle, and eventually an image starts to appear.",[12,410,411],{},"It works…",[12,413,414],{},"…sort of.",[12,416,417],{},"The reconstructed object becomes blurry because every measurement is spread over an entire line rather than placed exactly where it originated. Even with many projections, simple back-projection produces streaking and a $1\u002Fr$ blur.",[12,419,420],{},[68,421],{"alt":422,"src":423},"Animation showing simple back-projection accumulating into a blurred image","\u002Fimg\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-does-spect-create-an-image\u002Fback-projection.svg",[12,425,426],{},[83,427,428],{},"Each new projection adds information, but it also spreads counts across the image.",[48,430,432],{"id":431},"step-4-filtering-sharpens-the-image","Step 4: Filtering sharpens the image",[12,434,435],{},"The solution is elegant.",[12,437,438,439,102],{},"Before back-projecting, we first ",[16,440,441],{},"filter the projection data",[12,443,444,445,102],{},"This compensates for the blurring introduced by simple back-projection, producing what is known as ",[16,446,447],{},"filtered back projection (FBP)",[12,449,450],{},"Different filters make different trade-offs:",[215,452,453,456,459],{},[218,454,455],{},"sharper images;",[218,457,458],{},"less image noise; or",[218,460,461],{},"a smoother appearance.",[12,463,464],{},"Finding the right balance is one of the classic challenges in medical image reconstruction.",[12,466,467],{},[68,468],{"alt":469,"src":470},"Animated comparison of simple back-projection and filtered back projection","\u002Fimg\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-does-spect-create-an-image\u002Ffiltered-back-projection.svg",[12,472,473],{},[83,474,475],{},"Filtering reduces the characteristic haze of simple back-projection and makes the source easier to localize.",[123,477],{},[48,479,481],{"id":480},"seeing-it-makes-all-the-difference","Seeing it makes all the difference",[12,483,484],{},"When I first started learning and, later on, teaching image reconstruction, I realized that static figures only go so far.",[12,486,487,488,491,492,102],{},"Some of the best animations I have ever used were created by my colleague ",[16,489,490],{},"Adam Kesner",", whose visualizations beautifully show how projections, sinograms, and back-projection work. Those animations have helped generations of students develop an intuitive understanding of tomographic imaging. You can find them on his ",[133,493,497],{"href":494,"title":495,"rel":496},"https:\u002F\u002Fsites.google.com\u002Fa\u002Ffulbrightmail.org\u002Fkesnersmedicalphysics\u002Fhome\u002Feducation\u002F3d-image-reconstruction-explained-with-animated-gifs","3D Image Reconstruction Explained with Animated GIFs|Adam Kesner|Medical physics education resource|Website",[137],"website",[12,499,500],{},"They also inspired me to build something interactive.",[12,502,503],{},"Instead of simply watching the reconstruction happen, I wanted people to be able to play with and control it themselves—changing the number of projections, seeing the sinogram update in real time, and watching the image emerge step by step.",[12,505,506],{},"That became the inspiration for the TheranosticsBytes SPECT Reconstruction Applet.",[12,508,509,510],{},"👉 ",[16,511,512],{},[133,513,516],{"href":514,"title":515},"\u002Ftools\u002Fspect-imaging","SPECT Reconstruction Applet|TheranosticsBytes|Explore projections, sinograms, and image reconstruction|Interactive applet","Try the interactive SPECT reconstruction applet",[12,518,519],{},"I hope it gives you the same \"eureka!\" moment that those original animations gave me.",[48,521,523],{"id":522},"final-thoughts","Final thoughts",[12,525,526],{},"Every SPECT image begins life as a collection of two-dimensional measurements.",[12,528,529],{},"Image reconstruction is the mathematical process that transforms those measurements into a three-dimensional representation of where the radiopharmaceutical is inside the body.",[12,531,532],{},"Once you understand projections, sinograms, and back-projection, the reconstruction process no longer feels like a black box and it becomes a fascinating example of physics, mathematics, and medicine working together.",[284,534],{},[12,536,537],{},[83,538,290],{},{"title":292,"searchDepth":293,"depth":293,"links":540},[541,542,543,544,545,546],{"id":331,"depth":293,"text":332},{"id":361,"depth":293,"text":362},{"id":397,"depth":293,"text":398},{"id":431,"depth":293,"text":432},{"id":480,"depth":293,"text":481},{"id":522,"depth":293,"text":523},"2025-06-14","A visual introduction to how SPECT turns rotating gamma-camera projections into images using sinograms, back-projection, and filtering.",{},"\u002Fblog\u002Fhow-does-spect-create-an-image",{"title":317,"description":548},"blog\u002Fhow-does-spect-create-an-image",[313,554],"Image Reconstruction",null,"H5Il-DAmx8ZAs5sl7MjLwshA7vhluWq-TSRDSv-bYug",{"id":558,"title":559,"author":555,"body":560,"date":555,"description":564,"extension":303,"image":591,"meta":592,"meta_description":593,"navigation":305,"path":594,"photo_source":595,"seo":596,"stem":597,"type_strings":598,"__hash__":606},"pages\u002Fpages\u002Fabout.md","About Me",{"type":9,"value":561,"toc":589},[562,565,568,574,577,580,582],[12,563,564],{},"Hi, I’m Carlos. I’m a medical physicist based in beautiful British Columbia, Canada, and I spend much of my time thinking about how imaging can make cancer care more precise and more personal.",[12,566,567],{},"My work sits at the intersection of physics, medicine, and technology. I work with PET\u002FCT and SPECT\u002FCT, quantitative imaging, dosimetry, theranostics, and increasingly AI and code. What I enjoy most is turning complicated ideas into something useful; whether that is a new method, a small tool, a clear explanation, or a better way for a team to work together.",[12,569,570,573],{},[16,571,572],{},"TheranosticsBytes"," is my little personal space where I share some of that thinking outside the usual format of papers and presentations. You’ll find ideas I’m exploring, questions I keep returning to, and practical notes from the research and clinical worlds. Sometimes that means a deeper article; other times it might be a short reflection, a bit of code, or a side project such as DecayLab.",[12,575,576],{},"I don’t expect to have the final word on any of these topics. My hope is simply to make complex subjects a little more approachable and to contribute to thoughtful conversations about where medical imaging and theranostics are going.",[12,578,579],{},"Thanks for stopping by. If something here sparks a question, an idea, or a possible collaboration, I’d be happy to hear from you.",[284,581],{},[91,583,584],{},[12,585,586],{},[83,587,588],{},"Disclaimer: Any opinions presented in this website are my own and are not official statements on behalf of organizations I might be affiliated with. My posts are for informational purposes only and should not be seen as health\u002Fmedical advice.",{"title":292,"searchDepth":293,"depth":293,"links":590},[],"\u002Fimg\u002Faboutme.png",{},"I am a medical physicist that dreams of a world free of cancer.","\u002Fpages\u002Fabout","Athabasca Falls, Jasper National Park, Alberta, Canada",{"title":559,"description":564},"pages\u002Fabout",[599,600,601,602,603,604,605],"I'm Carlos Uribe, a medical imaging physicist.","I'm Carlos Uribe, I contribute to the development of radiopharmaceuticals.","I'm Carlos Uribe, I use AI to improve the diagnosis of cancer.","I'm Carlos Uribe, I perform dosimetry for radionuclide therapies.","I'm Carlos Uribe, I work with PET, SPECT, and CT.","I'm Carlos Uribe, I dream of a world without cancer.","I'm Carlos Uribe, I want to improve the quality of life for cancer patients.","WO8FBnfHaP1fZ6290JDn7TytxJZz-waUr9-70EH_X_U",{"id":608,"title":609,"author":610,"body":611,"date":676,"description":615,"extension":303,"image":677,"meta":678,"meta_description":679,"navigation":305,"path":680,"photo_source":555,"seo":681,"stem":682,"type_strings":555,"__hash__":683},"pages\u002Fpages\u002Fdecaylab.md","Decay Lab","Carlos Uribe, PhD, MCCPM",{"type":9,"value":612,"toc":671},[613,616,627,631,657,661,664,668],[12,614,615],{},"An iPhone app for nuclear medicine calculations and decay analysis.",[91,617,618],{},[12,619,509,620],{},[133,621,624],{"href":622,"rel":623},"https:\u002F\u002Fapps.apple.com\u002Fus\u002Fapp\u002Fdecay-lab\u002Fid6746874842",[137],[16,625,626],{},"Try it now",[48,628,630],{"id":629},"features","Features",[215,632,633,639,645,651],{},[218,634,635,638],{},[16,636,637],{},"Accurate decay calculations"," – Perform precise nuclear decay computations",[218,640,641,644],{},[16,642,643],{},"Multiple isotope support"," – Compatible with a wide range of radionuclides",[218,646,647,650],{},[16,648,649],{},"Customizable parameters"," – Flexible time and activity inputs for diverse scenarios",[218,652,653,656],{},[16,654,655],{},"Export and sharing capabilities"," – Easily save and share results",[48,658,660],{"id":659},"support","Support",[12,662,663],{},"If you need help or have questions about DecayLab, please contact me at any of the social media links in the footer of this page.",[48,665,667],{"id":666},"privacy-policy","Privacy Policy",[12,669,670],{},"DecayLab does not collect or store any personal data. All calculations are performed locally on your device.",{"title":292,"searchDepth":293,"depth":293,"links":672},[673,674,675],{"id":629,"depth":293,"text":630},{"id":659,"depth":293,"text":660},{"id":666,"depth":293,"text":667},"2025-06-30","\u002Fimg\u002Fdecaylab.png",{},"Accurate decay calculator for theranostics and nuclear medicine.","\u002Fpages\u002Fdecaylab",{"title":609,"description":615},"pages\u002Fdecaylab","coTFXk_5Q4OYpbCNSoYaQXg7F-smo1p-zr3LTmJeZQI",{"id":685,"title":686,"author":555,"body":687,"date":555,"description":693,"extension":303,"image":555,"meta":780,"meta_description":781,"navigation":305,"path":782,"photo_source":555,"seo":783,"stem":784,"type_strings":555,"__hash__":785},"pages\u002Fpages\u002Fprivacy.md","Privacy & Cookies",{"type":9,"value":688,"toc":771},[689,694,697,701,704,718,721,725,728,732,735,738,742,745,749,752,756,759,763,766],[12,690,691],{},[16,692,693],{},"Last updated: July 25, 2026",[12,695,696],{},"TheranosticsBytes is a personal educational website. This page explains what information may be processed when you visit and the choices available to you.",[48,698,700],{"id":699},"advertising","Advertising",[12,702,703],{},"This site uses Google AdSense to display advertising. Third-party vendors, including Google, may use cookies or similar technologies to serve ads based on your visits to this site or other websites. Google's use of advertising cookies enables Google and its partners to show personalized ads where you have consented and non-personalized or limited ads where appropriate.",[12,705,706,707,712,713,102],{},"You can control how Google personalizes ads in ",[133,708,711],{"href":709,"rel":710},"https:\u002F\u002Fmyadcenter.google.com\u002F",[137],"Google's My Ad Center",". You can also learn ",[133,714,717],{"href":715,"rel":716},"https:\u002F\u002Fpolicies.google.com\u002Ftechnologies\u002Fpartner-sites",[137],"how Google uses information from sites that use its services",[12,719,720],{},"Ads are visually identified as advertisements. TheranosticsBytes does not select individual ads and does not receive information that directly identifies you from an ad click.",[48,722,724],{"id":723},"analytics","Analytics",[12,726,727],{},"This site uses Google Analytics to understand aggregate site usage, such as which pages are visited and how visitors find the site. Google Analytics may process device, browser, approximate location, and interaction information. Where consent is required, analytics storage should follow the choice made in the site's consent message.",[48,729,731],{"id":730},"consent-and-cookies","Consent and cookies",[12,733,734],{},"Visitors in regions where consent is required may be shown a privacy message supplied through Google's consent management platform. That message lets you choose whether eligible advertising and analytics technologies may use cookies or similar storage. A privacy and cookie settings link is provided by that message so you can revisit your choice.",[12,736,737],{},"Your browser can also block or delete cookies. Doing so may affect site features or the relevance of ads.",[48,739,741],{"id":740},"other-third-party-services","Other third-party services",[12,743,744],{},"Articles may use third-party services for features such as comments, mathematical typesetting, fonts, or externally hosted links. When you load or interact with those services, their providers may receive technical information such as your IP address, browser details, and the referring page, subject to their own privacy policies.",[48,746,748],{"id":747},"information-you-provide","Information you provide",[12,750,751],{},"TheranosticsBytes does not offer user accounts or directly collect payment information. If you contact the site owner or post through a third-party commenting service, the information you choose to provide is handled through that service or communication channel.",[48,753,755],{"id":754},"changes","Changes",[12,757,758],{},"This notice may be updated as the site or its services change. The date at the top indicates the latest revision.",[48,760,762],{"id":761},"contact","Contact",[12,764,765],{},"For privacy questions, contact Carlos Uribe through one of the profiles linked in the site footer.",[12,767,768],{},[83,769,770],{},"This notice describes the site's current practices and is not legal advice.",{"title":292,"searchDepth":293,"depth":293,"links":772},[773,774,775,776,777,778,779],{"id":699,"depth":293,"text":700},{"id":723,"depth":293,"text":724},{"id":730,"depth":293,"text":731},{"id":740,"depth":293,"text":741},{"id":747,"depth":293,"text":748},{"id":754,"depth":293,"text":755},{"id":761,"depth":293,"text":762},{},"How TheranosticsBytes uses analytics, advertising, cookies, and related privacy controls.","\u002Fpages\u002Fprivacy",{"title":686,"description":693},"pages\u002Fprivacy","O0K1M7QZWMjTvfAmN2PsbjKeomyBIy-HnFGLTYbZCVQ",1785029297932]